Mr. Steve's Exploratorium: February 2012

For my P2PU course I have been looking at "Novice" programmers. And in one of the papers we were asked to read Mark Guzdial asks:

“Why?” Is programming an unnatural activity?

Could programming be made easier in a different form?

Could programming be taught in a different way that makes learning easier?

Or maybe we just have no idea how to actually measure what students know about programming. (1).

My main problem with the Guzdial paper (this was more my problem than a problem with the paper) is I felt it didn't provide enough details or specifics on "Why it is so hard to learn to Program?" I need specifics and examples to get my head around things. Roy Pea, was a great find and perhaps not surprisingly (for me at least) the Resnick article was very useful.

Pea (et al) talked about three classes of bugs:

Parallelism Bugs
Intentionality Bugs
Egocentrism Bugs

Parrallelism Bugs

The Parallelism Bugs, is basically an "assumption of different lines in a program can be active or known by the computer at the same time or in parallel". For example, look at this code:

If (Size == 10)
    print "Hello"
For Size in range(10):
    print Size

When High School students. in their second year of programming course, were asked what they thought the program would print 8 out of 15 predicted "Hello" would print after "10".

Intentionality Bugs

The Intentionality Bugs, is the idea in the child's mind that "the program has goals and knows or sees what will happen elsewhere in itself."

Egocentrism Bugs

The Egocentrism Bugs, stem from the belief that there "is more of their meaning for what they want to accomplish in the program than is actually present in the code." Funny, I see these kinds of bugs all the time in my code and those of other experience programmers :)

The Super Bug

He concludes that all these derive from the Super Bug:

The idea that there is a "hidden mind somewhere inside the programming language that has intelligent and interpretive powers." Not surprising since most of kids experiences are with semi-intelligent beings (aka Parents)

MultiLogo: A Study of Children and Concurrent Programming - Mitchel Resnick

Resnick, noted that:

"This sequential paradigm does not match the way the real world works: people and animals act in parallel, objects interact in parallel. As a result, many real-world activities can not be modelled in a natural way with sequential programming."

He developed a concurrent or parrallel version of Logo (Multi-Logo), so the kids had a language/environment that more closely matched their view of the world.

SideNote: I used to think and say that Concurrent Programming was really really hard. I had plenty of evidence to back this up and had heard and read much smarter people than me saying the same thing. Then I encountered Etoys (and later Scratch) and started teaching these to kids. And realized that Concurrent Programming is actually easier (although you do have the added complexity of syntonization issues) . The problem was not the topic/idea, it was the language we use to think about it.

Resnick noted that "In general, students appropriated the idea of agents sending messages to one another quite easily." Too bad we don't teach more Smalltalk.

He identified three types of bugs specific to concurrent programming:

Problem Decomposition Bugs
Synchronization Bugs
Object Oriented Bugs

Problem Decomposition Bugs

"These bugs arise out of students' difficulties decomposing problems into actions to be performed concurrently by multiple agents." Here there are two types of decomposition:

functional decomposition - dividing a problem in to simpler sub-problems (what needs to be done)
agency decomposition - dividing the functional pieces among different agents (who does it)

Synchronization Bugs

"These bugs arise out of students' difficulties coordinating and orchestrating the activities of multiple agents."

These bugs he divides into two type: Unintended Sequentiality and Unintended Concurrency. In these cases the student expected Sequetiality and got Concurrence (or vice versa).

It seems that in designing Multi-Logo to deal with synchronization he provided two mechanisms: ask and demand. Where when you "ask" an agent something (ex: flash light - for 20 seconds) the request is queued up to be executed in the order received. When you "demand" the agent interrupts what is going on to perform the request (or it might simply put it at the head of the queue, I am not sure). It is interesting, at least to me, that Scratch, developed later by Resnick and his team, got rid of the ask and demand and went with a "broadcast" "wait" and "do for X seconds" to allow for synchronization. I believe this simplifies and avoids a number of problems for novice programmers.

Object Oriented Bugs

"These bugs arise out of students' confusion among different types of "objects" Multi-Logo has multiple types of objects: agents, turtle, and on the Lego Interface box (think early NXT) ports and sensors. Part of this confusion may have been the overloading of "halt" which for an agent,

Another quote for Guzial:

" our current programming languages do not allow people to program the way that they think about the tasks"
Section: "Making tools better by shifting to Visual Programming"
"having students build their own visualizations had significant impact on those students’ learning."

Resnick's Lessons Learned

"It is a good idea for students to "play agent"--that is, act out what each agent is supposed to do. This activity requires a group of students, each playing the role of a different agent." I really like this approach with novices and often warn students "Step away from the computer and no one will get hurt". Having them act out the program and program each other is a good way to do this.

In designing Multi-Logo he realized he did not go far enough in parallelism: "An alternate approach, of course, is to change the design of MultiLogo to match students' preconceptions. For example, I could redesign MultiLogo agents so that each agent could do several things at the same time, in line with students' expectations of "excessive parallelism." He later did have agents that can do several things at the same time.

He also discussed the idea of design the environment match the students pre-conceptions. Would be interesting to find out what problems it solves (and those it doesn't) and what new problems it creates.

If you read this far, thank you. And as a way of thanks, if you haven't already seen this it is a real treat.